A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. Despite this, spill experts estimate that 30%50% of oil spills are either directly or indirectly caused by human error, with 20%40% of all spills caused by equipment failure or malfunction. Effect of oil spills on biodiversity heritage library. Chemical methods, particularly dispersants, have been routinely used in many countries as a response option. Hydrocarbon oil spill cleanup and remediation in the niger delta. Graham, christine hale, emily maungdouglass, stephen sempier, ladon swann, and monica wilson.
Impacts and management of oil spill pollution along the. For oil floating on the surface, scientists use booms, floating bumpers with skirts hanging into the water, to protect certain areas where oil could do the most harm. The oil initially floats in a layer up to several inches thick. Cooperative aquatic toxicity testing of dispersed oil and. But while images of seabirds smothered in oil are what many people associate with oil spills, much of the oil that leaks because of human activities does so on land.
This article demonstrates an approach of coupling an environmental model to io analysis which aims to quantify the regional economic impact of an environmental accident. Petroleum biodegradation and oil spill bioremediation. Petroleum biodegradation since the first wreck of a supertanker in 1969 the torrey canyon oil spill in the english channel, there have been over 40 major marine oil spills. The model is implemented with the data of a potential oil spill interacting with the salmon aquaculture industry in northern norway. Mangrove forest is particularly vulnerable to oil spills, because the soil soaks up the oil like a sponge and rereleases it every rainy season. This popular press article discusses the important topic of risk assessment regarding the use of chemical dispersants in oil spills. The tragic exxon valdez oil spill in 1989, informed the united states of the lack of preparedness the oil industry and country had in such remediation situations. Simulation of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes at a crude oil spill site. Feb 08, 2019 the small amounts of residue resulting from in situ burning isb of oil on water can cause environmental concerns.
Some contend that dispersants should not be used, while others point to their ability to speed up natural oil biodegradation processes. Accidents involving oil tankers or offshore platforms or oil pipelines, spills from offshore drilling, spills from pipelines, and leakages from. Oil spills journal of petroleum and environmental biotechnology. Biodegradation and other natural weathering processes will remove most of the contaminating hydrocarbons but it can take months to years in areas of high oil concentrations. Impacts and management of oil spill pollution along the nigerian coastal areas peter c. Aug 15, 2011 oil leaked from multiple locations along the riser pipe and the top of the bop figure figure2. Bioremediation of petroleum in the sea is limited by n and p availability. Chemical barriers, oil sinking agents and sorbents. Sep 28, 2016 mangrove forest is particularly vulnerable to oil spills, because the soil soaks up the oil like a sponge and rereleases it every rainy season. Oil spills oil spills occur frequently throughout the world. Certain portions of oil are biodegradable and as such, proper application of certain fertilizers can speed up this process as much as tenfold.
Manual on oil pollution section iv combating oil spills. Dispersants provide a reliable largescale response to catastrophic oil spills that can be used when the preferable option of recapturing the oil cannot be achieved. Bioremediation of marine oil spills has become a very practical approach to oil spill cleanup efforts in recent years. When oil spill oil is trapped in sediment porous media, its mobilization by dispersants and. Enhanced bioremediation of oil spills in the sea sciencedirect. Health effects of oil spills and implications for public health planning and research angela eykelbosh, msc, phd introduction two major pipeline projects have been proposed to transport petroleum products from alberta to the british columbian coast. The forecasting system covers seven working oil platforms in the sicily channel and middlelow adriatic sea. Therefore, the two main approaches to oil spill bioremediation are. Causes, consequences, prevention, and countermeasures. Using nanomicromachines to help clean up oil spills posted by sunipapramanik one of the largest oil spills in recent history happened in april 2010 in the gulf of mexico when the deepwater horizon oil rig exploded and sank, resulting in the blowout of the macondo well located approximately 66 km off the louisiana coast.
Diagram showing the transport of oil to groundwater following a spill. The forensic procedures described within represent various methods from scientists throughout the world. Abstract this study is directed at understanding the oil spill combustion process and the smoke generated from the burning. The oil from this well macondo oil is typical of light louisiana crude from petroleum reservoirs more than 5000 m deep.
The identification of an oil spill triggers the mobilization of personnel and equipment to protect the health and safety of the public, and to detect, contain, and recover the spilled oil while minimizing impacts to communities and the environment. This article describes the possibilities and requirements to detect oil spills with remote sensing techniques. What are two common methods used in bioremediation of oil spills. Residues from in situ burning of oil on water response. Oil spills and other industrial chemical leaks can cause havoc in ecosystems, killing marine and aquatic wildlife and polluting drinking water supplies.
Apr 16, 2012 this popular press article discusses the important topic of risk assessment regarding the use of chemical dispersants in oil spills. Conscious that oil exploration, production and refining activities, as well as related marine transport, pose a threat of significant oil spills in the wider caribbean region, aware that the islands of the region are particularly vulnerable, owing to the fragility of their ecosystems and the economic reliance of certain of them on the. Oil spills in or on soils have the potential to release benzene to the environment when a precipitation event carries dissolved benzene to groundwater sources. Health effects of oil spills and implications for public. Bioremediation as a tool for resiliency in oil spills. An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. However, the biodegradation efficiency is usually limited by abiotic factors. Dispersed oil and the chemical response to oil spills. Oil spills have become serious problem in cold environments with ever icrese in resource exploitation,transportation,storage and accidental lekage of oils bioremidation is a promising action for remidation it is effective and economic in removing oils with less undue environmental damages.
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas. Sea water conta ins a wide range of mi croorganisms t hat use hydrocarbons. Bioremediation oil spills list of high impact articles. An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the. The production loss in salmon aquaculture and the regional income impact is. The second type of tools used to prevent oil spills or skimmers, which are the type of boats that can remove the spilled oil from water. For this reason, an oil spill forecasting system was set up to support the management of. However, the federal governments national oil and hazardous substances pollution contingency plan ncp overseen by the environmental protection agency epa currently lists a category of nontoxic.
Mousse will eventually disperse in the water column. The development of remote sensing techniques allows the detection and monitoring of oil spills. Results of laboratory tests suggest the possibility that burn residues may sink for about 40 to 60% of crude oils worldwide. Oil spill research strategy 1 introduction the environmental protection agencys epa oil spill research program has been in existence since 1990, following the exxon valdez oil spill and enactment of the oil pollution act of 1990 opa90. On the types of oils, there are light oils and heavy oils. They may use a series of booms, one inside the other. Introduction oil spills can happen on land or at sea, and can include leaks from ships, wells, pipelines and other carriers of oil. The exxon valdez and bp deepwater horizon oil spills provide a number of lessons regarding the role of microbial biodegradation in determining the fate of the spilled oil. The christian science monitor is an international news organization that delivers thoughtful, global coverage via its website, weekly magazine, online daily edition, and email newsletters. The framework can be used to clarify the complexity of oil spill impacts. Pdf simulation of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. Consideration should be given to seeding oil spills with hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. Congress, office of technology assessment,bioremediation for marine oil spills background paper, otabpo70 washington, dc. Bioremediation as a tool for resiliency in oil spills abstract with an increase in boating, offshore drilling, and transportation of oil, coastal communities are in need of a plan to clean up waterways in the event of an offshore oil spill.
However, even an amplified biodegradation process takes weeks, or even. The impacts of oil spill on water pollution are more fatal than on the mainland because the spread of pollutants is larger and more massive. However, cleaning up animals and birds which are affected by oil spills will take a lot of time and professional assistance. Despite potential economic benefits, these proposals have roused.
Oil spill environmental forensics provides a complete view of the various forensic techniques used to identify the source of an oil spill into the environment. The inside ring may be a sorbent boom, which attracts oil. Badejo abstract nigeria has a coastline of approximately 853km facing the atlantic ocean. Although significant steps have been taken over the last 15 years to reduce the size and frequency of oil spills, the sheer volume of petroleum consumed in this country and the complex production and distribution network required to meet the demand make spills of oil and other petroleum products. The lessons are designed to be completed in sequence, although most lessons can also stand alone. This book introduces the reader to these problems and reflects the. Bioremediation of oil spills submitted by anchal garg environment science 2016 2. After most of these catastrophes, such as the argo merchant oil spill off the coast of massachusetts, the oil has moved away from shorelines and not caused any detectable. Bioremediation oil spill prevention and response api. Read, purchase, or download a free pdf of this report at. Oil spills require quick action so that they cause as little damage as possible. It is concluded that radar techniques are generally more suitable for oil spill monitoring than satellite or airborne techniques. The lessons are designed to be completed in sequence, although most lessons can also. Blowouts, spills, and leakage during development and trans portation of petroleum reserves and products pose the larg est oil pollution threat to terrestrial and.
An operational marine oil spill forecasting tool for the. By allowing even mild wave action to disperse floating oil into tiny droplets free oil is the primary response option of choice in the united states for the cleanup of oil spills in marine and freshwater shoreline environments. Nearly two million gallons of dispersants were used at the waters surface and a mile below the surface to combat oil during the. Bioremediation is one technique that may be useful to remove. Hydrocarbondegrading bacteria often produce bioemulsifiers. Field guide for oil spill response in tropical waters. Emergency responders as well as programmers developing tools for use with the cameo software suite can find an assortment of helpful guides, software tools, and training information for addressing accidents involving the release of hazardous substances. Every effort must be made to prevent oil spills and to clean them up promptly once they occur.
Before beginning this unit, students should have basic knowledge of convection, density, and waves. Manual removal of oil is a critical first step and when paired with bioremediation. Fortunately, unlike higher organisms that are adversely impacted by oil spills, microorganisms are able to. Regional economic impact of oil spills springerlink. Accidents involving oil tankers or offshore platforms or oil pipelines, spills from offshore drilling, spills from pipelines, and leakages from sunken, grounded or abandoned ships and so on petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Such emulsions can form quickly in turbulent conditions and may contain 30 to 80 percent water. Although significant steps have been taken over the last 15 years to reduce the size and frequency of oil spills, the sheer volume of petroleum consumed in this country and the complex production and distribution network required to meet the. This is because marine oil spills can have a serious economic impact on coastal activities, as well as on. Certain plants and their associated microorganisms have also shown promise in speeding up the breakdown of oil. In all, it took 84 days to stop the flow of oil from the deepwater horizon well. Bioremediation for marine oil spills 7 action, becomes entrained with the insoluble components of oil. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Ppt bioremediation of oil spills powerpoint presentation. Oil spills an oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.
Download the basics of oil spill cleanup pdf book free online from the basics of oil spill cleanup pdf. The scale of the spill is dependent on the amount and type of oil, and the location and climate of the leak. Shirshov institute of oceanology, russian academy of sciences, moscow, russia, email. The opa90 authorizes the epa office of research and development ord to conduct oil spill research. In 2001 the western operations of the shell petroleum development company spdc recorded a total of 115 incidences of oil spill in which 5,187. The devastating environmental impacts of the exxon valdez spill in 1989 and its media notoriety made it a frequent comparison to the bp deepwater horizon spill in the popular press in 2010, even though the nature of the two spills and the environments impacted were vastly different.
So far, understanding of marine environments, of oil and its behaviour when released onto the water surface, and of the methods and means of response to an oil spill, has been rather limited. Considerable technological development has occurred since the beginning of petroleum activity on the norwegian continental shelf. Helcom manual on cooperation in res ponse to marine pollution volume 1. Hydrocarbon oil spill cleanup and remediation in the niger. The authors explore which analytical and interpretative techniques are best suited for a particular oil spill project. Hydrophobic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are the potential solution for the treatment of oil spills. The small amounts of residue resulting from in situ burning isb of oil on water can cause environmental concerns. Federal emergency response framework congressional research service 2 act extending to u. Constant media attention on oil spills has created global awareness of their risks and the damage they do. Oil spills in deep ocean water are less damaging than those in which oil reaches shorelines. Oil spill response in the marine environment 1st edition. Conscious that oil exploration, production and refining activities, as well as related marine transport, pose a threat of significant oil spills in the wider caribbean region, aware that the islands of the region are particularly vulnerable, owing to the fragility of their ecosystems and the.
Cooperative aquatic toxicity testing of dispersed oil and the. Nayyab nadeem hamayal wajid lodhi shaima saqib sara hassan sajal shahbaz 2. Environmental protection agencys oil spill program plays an important role in protecting the environment through prevention of, preparation for, and response to oil spills. As of august 2010, little freefloating oil was remaining, and most of the. On january 12, 1998, a major spill of more than 40,000 barrels of crude oil leaked from the pipeline linking mobils idoho platform with its qua iboe. Bioremediation for marine oil spills princeton university. Clean water act cwa37 and created new freestanding requirements. New research has developed a way of cleaning up spills using a superabsorbent material, which selectively draws up oil and other organic pollutants, leaving clean water behind. Apr, 2020 emergency responders as well as programmers developing tools for use with the cameo software suite can find an assortment of helpful guides, software tools, and training information for addressing accidents involving the release of hazardous substances. Effect of oil spills on environmental aspects environmental toxicology pollution sea birds sea otter symposium. Using nanomicromachines to help clean up oil spills.
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